The superiority of the geosynthetic reinforced soil wall to another reinforced soil systems, is led to the increasing expansion. So far many studied have been conducted on geosynthetics reinforced soil walls, with assuming rigid bed. But the behavior of this system and mechanism of it components has less been considered when the bed is compressible or loose. The present study investigated the effect of effective parameters (i. e., Facing inclination, connection type of geogrids to the Facing, toe condition, length of reinforcement and vertical distance of reinforcements) on the behavior of reinforced soil wall seated on compressible bed, using finite element method. Also the behavior of the wall under conditions of end of construction and surcharge loading has been investigated. The results showed that the parameters that had the greatest effect on the behavior of the reinforced soil wall during the weakening of the bed, is Facing inclination, vertical distance between reinforcements and toe condition. Decreasing vertical distance of reinforcements and increasing Facing inclination, has led to significantly decrease in horizontal displacement of wall and maximum reinforcement load. Also according to the results, the bed with compressible soil, the type of connection of reinforcement and length of reinforcement did not show a significant effect on the improvement of the wall’ s behavior, except when the wall was placed on a loose bed.

Stepped spillways are an accessory of reservoirs and water conveyance system, which dissipate flow energy and reduce the size and costs of stilling basins (SBs). As the reverse inclination of each step helps form a small SB, therefore, energy dissipation becomes more efficient. In this study, using a Plexiglas spillway (height: 72 em), which was installed in an experimental flume (width: 50 em), various arrangements of numbers and inclination steps of spillway were investigated installing 12 set-ups. The first experiment was conducted on the weir itself without any steps; another set-up was with one step without inclination and one step with reverse inclination. This procedure was continued asymmetrically with the array of 8 steps. As expected to efficiently dissipate the energy, more steps are required as the flow increases. It was observed that one inclined plus two horizontal steps provide the best energy dissipater array. Furthermore, it was revealed that there was a limit to increase the number of steps and their inclination in energy dissipation, i.e., efficiency may not be enhanced by increasing the number of inclined steps.

Introduction: Narcotic drug abuse and illicit use of drugs is a major, complicated multifactorial phenomenon affecting most of the societies today. Incidence of drug abuse among adolescents is very high. Adolescents become addicted to substances more quickly than adults. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of drug abuse among male adolescents in Hamadan.Methods: This study was a descriptive study and samples (n=400) were collected on the basis of snowball sampling method. Information was collected individually through completion of a researcher-designed questionnaire including demographic and epidemiological indices, perceived familial support, religiosity, and locus of control.Results: The results showed that smoking (93%), alcohol (92.5%), marijuana (64.3%), and opium (57.8%) use were very high, while LSD (4.8%) and Cocaine(2.3%) use was rare. 77.8 % of adolescents began drug abuse between 12 and 18 years of age. Moreover, sensation seeking (26.5%), individual interest (24.8%), and peer pressure (22%), were the main reasons for drug abuse.Conclusion: As initial smoking, alcohol and marijuana use play an important role in determining the future addiction of adolescents to narcotics, yearly surveillance programs in the country and evaluation of etiological factors of narcotic addiction need to be studied carefully. All of the preventive and school programs designed for the young should take into account environmental, demographic and policy factors in addition to personal factors so that the programs have a maximum effect.

Practical theology can be considered as a kind of practical and functional expansion of theological teachings or something derived from theology in human life. The present article, considering the general meaning of theology, addresses some of the challenges Facing practical theology. The first challenge: human expectation of religion. It is according to the widespread expectation of religion that theology can enter the realm of society and social institutions. By a minimum expectation from religion, the role of theology will not be so prominent. The second challenge: tradition and modernity. In the traditional era and with a traditional attitude, some social institutions have been closely related to religion and theology, but in the modern attitude and era, the social or organizational role of theology is often relegated to new institutions from the new sciences and the modern world. Hence, in the modern age and with a modern attitude, practical theology is accused of a nostalgic and passive attitude. The third challenge: confiscation of practical theology by the official clergy. The history of religion and theology shows that the official and governmental clergy, with an exclusive and totalitarian approach, has been able to confiscate religion and theology in their favor and in order to increase power, wealth, and social influence. Although this confiscation has occasionally led to the public and social interest, it seems that the corruption caused by this confiscation is more than its interest. The fourth challenge: globalization. Due to the process of globalization, the importance and necessity of global theology have increased. Hence, practical theology, without overcoming religious fundamentalism and exclusivism, cannot solve global problems. The success and development of practical theology depend on the theoretical and practical response to the aforementioned challenges; Challenges that have endangered not only theology but also religion itself.

Utilizing research in designing, implementing, and evaluating organizational activities has been the focus of many managerial undertakings. Research provides the necessary information for effective decision making regarding the improvement of processes and products, especially in organizations that have complicated goals and tasks. Within the educational organizations, research has a very special status as it can help to clarify the complexities that educational administrators and curriculum planners are Facing in designing, implementing, and evaluating programs. However, there may be problems on the way of research fulfilling these functions. This article discusses the current issues that educational research in Iran faces. It is hoped that those in charge pay more attention to this discussion and pay the way for improvements through research in the educational system.

Concurrence with extensive developments in all social, political areas of Iran in the constitution era, Persian literature has not been immune from these developments and based on the new era requisites, developments have occurred both in appearance and meaning. In the aspect of meaning and contemplation, poem in constitution era, is the scene of different attitudes and tendencies with past periods including reported conception of endoplasm home which in indication of development in the home conception and evolution in its justifications. The tendency toward ancient Iran with different attitudes and inclinations is in these period, including mental metamorphose of poet in this era, who so many .patriotic poets have inclination toward it. Ancient inclination has different foundations and meanings. inclination toward ancient periods or past language and escape from its customs, and is among most important meaning. Those who have inclination toward ancient period with common: principal in their inclination for ancient Iran, are different in motives.It seems the most prominent motives for considering Iran Ancient are: revival of national identity, exaggerated optimism to ward ancient Iran, healing inferiority complex against foreigner and fight against Islam, criticism from present circumstances, motivation of national proud and invincibility.

The human body is endowed with varied forms of social significance, and it is this which sociology has addressed by asking questions such as: To what degree do individuals have control over their own bodies? Using familiar examples from everyday life, such as diet and exercise regimes, personal hygiene, dress, displays of emotion, and control over bodily functions.This research investigates the body management among the student of Sabz University of Amol in Northern Iran. For this Purpose, 200 students were chosen from 350 by random classification. The methodology was descriptive-survey. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with 53 questions in five point Likert scale. The t-test and hierarchical regression was used for data analysis. The result, showed that all 8 subdivisions of body management were above the average and current situation significantly was upper the average.

Objective: In light of recent economic trends, organizations face an inevitable need to invest in human resources to maintain their competitive edge. The presence of competent employees with professional knowledge and skills serves as a key factor in creating a competitive advantage for auditing firms. Acknowledging that employees serve as the most vital and fundamental assets of auditing institutions, it becomes imperative to address a fundamental concern within the auditing profession i. e., the inclination of auditors to quit the profession. Referred to as "brain drain, " the phenomenon has the potential to pose a significant threat to the overall quality and credibility of the auditing profession. This study aims to investigate and assess the primary factors that impact the intention of auditors to quit the auditing profession in Iran. Methods: This is a quantitative study conducted in 2021. Initially, a comprehensive review of the research literature to extract was conducted to identify the main components contributing to the intention to exit the auditing profession. Subsequently, a research questionnaire was designed using exploratory factor analysis to identify the factors influencing auditors' decision to leave the profession. Finally, a path analysis was done to examine the impact of each factor on auditors' intention to quit the profession. The target population comprised the auditors in auditing firms affiliated with the Association of Official Accountants in Iran, excluding senior supervisors, managers, and partners who may possess distinct reasons for intending to leave the auditing profession despite their expertise and competence. The estimated population size in 2021 was 3, 481 individuals, and the sample size was determined to be 346 individuals using the Cochran formula. Results: According to the statistical analyses carried out in this study, factors such as auditing remuneration, future career prospects, job characteristics, and organizational support have a significant and positive impact on the intention to depart from the auditing profession. However, factors such as adherence to professional ethics by partners and managers, as well as commitment, demonstrate a significant influence on the intention to leave the profession. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of addressing specific factors to retain skilled and committed professionals in auditing firms and reduce their intention to exit the profession. To effectively mitigate the intention to exit the auditing profession, it is essential to address auditing remuneration under the rates approved by the Iranian Association of Official Accountants, foster a forward-looking mindset, embrace innovative technologies and approaches, cultivate a positive vision for the profession's future, and enhance the work environment and organizational support. These measures, once implemented, lead to an improvement in the quality of audit reports.